Generation and use of similar multiple beams

ABSTRACT

A process for cooperative aerial inter-antenna beamforming for communication between (a) multiple moving platforms, each platform having an aerial antenna mounted thereon, such that the aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and (b) at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas; the process involving a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves; transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of the aerial antennas to a processing system, the processing system calculating and transmitting beamforming instructions to the aerial antennas, the aerial antennas thereby transmitting or receiving respective component signals for each user antenna, the component signals for each user antenna having essentially the same information content but differing in their phase and usually amplitude, so as to form a cooperative beam from the cooperative sum of the signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna; carrying out a plurality of further beamforming operations, wherein the cooperative beam has essentially the same information content as that generated in the first beamforming operation, where by the further cooperative beams are directed to form a cluster of beams surrounding the first cooperative beam.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to co-operative inter-aerial antenna beamforming control for the generation and use of multiple beams carrying very similar data. It enables more effective communication with lower altitude user equipment, particularly by the use of very small beams from multiple aerial platforms.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

High altitude platforms (aircraft and lighter than air structures situated from 10 to 35 km altitude)—HAPS, have been proposed to support a wide variety of applications. Areas of growing interest are for telecommunication, positioning, observation and other information services, and specifically the provision of high speed Internet, e-mail, telephony, televisual services, games, video on demand, and global positioning.

High altitude platforms possess several advantages over satellites as a result of operating much closer to the earth's surface, at typically around 20 km altitude. Geostationary satellites are situated at around 40,000 km altitude, and low earth orbit satellites are usually at around 600 km to 3000 km altitude. Satellites exist at lower altitudes but their lifetime is very limited with consequent economic impact.

The relative nearness of high altitude platforms compared to satellites results in a much shorter time for signals to be transmitted from a source and for a reply to be received (which has an impact on the “latency” of the system. Moreover, high altitude platforms are within the transmission range for standard mobile phones for signal power and signal latency. Any satellite is out of range for a normal terrestrial mobile phone network, operating without especially large or specialist antennas.

High altitude platforms also avoid the rocket propelled launches needed for satellites, with their high acceleration and vibration, as well as high launch failure rates with their attendant impact on satellite cost.

Payloads on high altitude platforms can be recovered easily and at modest cost compared to satellite payloads. Shorter development times and lower costs result from less demanding testing requirements.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,934 discloses a high altitude balloon for delivering information services in conjunction with a satellite.

US 20040118969 A1, WO 2005084156 A2, U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,205 A, US 2014/0252156 A1, disclose particular designs of high altitude aircraft.

However, there are numerous and significant technical challenges to providing reliable information services from high altitude platforms. Reliability, coverage and data capacity per unit ground area are critical performance criteria for mobile phones, device communication systems, earth observation and positioning services.

Government regulators usually define the frequencies and bandwidth for use by systems transmitting electromagnetic radiation. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the data rates possible for a given fractional bandwidth, but the greater the attenuation through obstructions such as rain or walls, and the more limited diffraction which can be used to provide good coverage. These constraints result in the choice of carrier frequencies of between 0.7 and 5 GHz in most parts of the world with typically a 10 to 200 MHz bandwidth.

There is a demand for high data rates per unit ground area, which is rapidly increasing from the current levels of the order 1-10 Mbps/square kilometer.

To provide high data rates per unit ground area, high altitude unmanned long endurance (HALE) aircraft, or free-flying or tethered aerostats, need to carry large antenna(s) to distinguish between closely based transceivers on the ground. A larger diameter antenna leads to a smaller angular resolution of the system, hence the shorter the distance on the ground that the system can resolve. Ultimately the resolution is determined by the “Rayleigh criterion” well known to those skilled in the art. The greater the antenna resolution, the higher the potential data rates per unit ground area are.

However fitting extremely large diameter antenna or antennas of 50 metres or more onto platforms is not feasible with current or envisaged platform technology.

Phased array digital “beamforming” (DBF) and multi beam horn (MBH) antennas have been considered for high altitude platforms in for example, R. Miura and M. Suzuki, “Preliminary Flight Test Program on Telecom and Broadcasting Using High Altitude Platform Stations,” Wireless Pers. Commun., An Int'l. J., Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 24, no. 2, January 2003, pp. 341-61. Other references include: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=620534, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=933305, http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ecej_20010304, http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/el_20001316 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=4275149&pageNumber%3D129861 However, the prior art suggest that use of high altitude platforms does not represent a promising way forward to delivering next generation communication means.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the invention, the invention relates to a process for cooperative aerial inter-antenna beamforming for communication between (a) multiple moving platforms, each platform having an aerial antenna mounted thereon, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and (b) at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment, UE, having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas; the process involving a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves:

-   -   transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of         the aerial antennas to a data processing system, a processing         system calculating and transmitting beamforming instructions to         the aerial antennas, the aerial antennas thereby transmitting or         receiving respective component signals for each user antenna,         the component signals for each user antenna having essentially         the same information content but differing in their phase and         usually amplitude, so as to form a cooperative beam from the         cooperative sum of the signals between the aerial antennas and         the user antenna; and     -   carrying out a plurality of further beamforming operations,         wherein the cooperative beam has essentially the same         information content as that generated in the first beamforming         operation, whereby the further cooperative beams are directed to         form a cluster of beams surrounding the first cooperative beam.

Additionally, the invention relates to a process for cooperative aerial inter-antenna beamforming for communication between at least two aerial antennas, mounted on at least one moving platform, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas; the process involving a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves:

-   -   transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of         the aerial antennas to a data processing system, a processing         system calculating and transmitting beamforming instructions to         the aerial antennas, the aerial antennas thereby transmitting or         receiving respective component signals for each user antenna,         the component signals for each user antenna having essentially         the same information content but differing in their phase and         usually amplitude, so as to form a cooperative beam from the         cooperative sum of the signals between the aerial antennas and         the user antenna, the resulting cooperative beam thereby having         the same or similar properties of a beam formed from a notional         single aerial antenna large enough to encompass the positions of         the at least two aerial antennas; and     -   carrying out a plurality of further beamforming operations,         wherein the cooperative beam has essentially the same         information content as that generated in the first beamforming         operation, whereby the further cooperative beams are directed to         form a cluster surrounding the first cooperative beam.

By the term “same or similar” is meant properties such as beam size.

In a second aspect of the invention, the invention relates to apparatus for providing a communication network, for communication between (a) multiple moving platforms, each platform having an aerial antenna mounted thereon, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas, the network being adapted to generate a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves:

-   -   transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of         the aerial antennas to a processing system, the processing         system being further adapted to generate and transmit         beamforming instructions to the aerial antennas, the aerial         antennas being adapted to generate or receive respective         component signals for each user antenna, the component signals         for each user antenna having essentially the same information         content but differing in their phase and amplitude, so as to         form a cooperative beam between the cooperative sum of the         signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna;     -   the network being adapted to carry out a plurality of further         beamforming operations, wherein the further cooperative beams         have essentially the same information content as that generated         in the first beamforming operation, whereby the further         cooperative beams are directed to form a cluster of beams         surrounding the first cooperative beam.

Additionally, the invention relates to apparatus for providing a communication network, for communication between at least two aerial antennas, mounted on at least one moving platform, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas, the network being adapted to generate a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves:

-   -   transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of         the aerial antennas to the processing system, the processing         system being further adapted to generate and transmit         beamforming instructions to the aerial antennas, the aerial         antennas being adapted to generate or receive respective         component signals for each user antenna, the component signals         for each user antenna having essentially the same information         content but differing in their phase and amplitude, so as to         form a cooperative beam between the cooperative sum of the         signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna, the         resulting cooperative beam thereby having the same or similar         properties of a beam formed from a notional single aerial         antenna large enough to encompass the positions of the at least         two aerial antennas;     -   the network being adapted to carry out a plurality of further         beamforming operations, wherein the further cooperative beams         have essentially the same information content as that generated         in the first beamforming operation, whereby the further         cooperative beams are directed to form a cluster surrounding the         first cooperative beam.

Synthetic aperture synthesis has long been known in radio astronomy where the resolution of a large antenna is synthesized by using the signals from appropriately spaced relatively small antennas. Indeed Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel prize for physics in 1974 for this and other contributions to the development and use of radio interferometry. Related technology to aperture synthesis has been used for many years in low frequency radio communication to submarines, in acoustics, and phased arrays in LTE and WiFi systems. However its use for communication between a plurality of aerial antennas, one or more of which are moving, and user equipment, has never been previously considered.

Thus, if the positions and orientations of the aerial antennas are known sufficiently well, processing to generate the component signals can be carried out to produce a synthesized cooperative beam which is much narrower than that which could be achieved by any one of the individual aerial antennas.

Thus, through application of aperture synthesis principles a cooperative beam can be formed that has a narrow width as could be provided by a notional single aerial antenna large enough to encompass the positions of the at least two aerial antennas. As would be known to a person skilled in the art, the larger the notional antenna, the narrower the beam.

Building on techniques developed for the quite remote technical field of radio astronomy it has been discovered that generation of these very narrow cooperative beams can be achieved by altering the phasing and weighting of the various signals sent to or received from each aerial antenna.

The use of the invention can be essential when objects on the ground interfere with communication in certain beam directions, and especially useful when communicating with UE inside buildings.

The beams generated can be extremely narrow, for example under a metre in diameter and illuminate “femtocells” on the ground, or areas beneath the aerial antennas.

The invention exploits the ability of suitable positioning systems to determine the relative position of the antennas, on multiple platforms, to within a fraction of a wavelength even up to GHz frequencies. As described above, with appropriate signal processing to enable “aperture synthesis,” similar to that commonly used in radio astronomy, it is then possible to obtain a beam resolution comparable to that of an elevated antenna with a diameter equal to a significant fraction of the maximum separation distance of the antennas.

In order to carry out the process of the invention, an aerial antenna's position relative to all the other aerial antennas should be determined to within approximately ⅙ of a wavelength, preferably 1/10 of a wavelength, and this has become possible with modern positioning techniques to the accuracy required for the operation of aerial antennas for mobile communications.

Knowledge of the physical location of all the aerial antennas, and if they are phased arrays, the elements within the aerial antenna, is essential for the generation and production of useful beams. The location of these aerial antennas or antenna elements needs to be determined to within a fraction of a wavelength, preferably to less than a 10^(th) of a wavelength, ˜1.5 cm for a 2 GHz carrier signal. At this precision there is little signal loss or beam shape distortion, especially when considering that multiple platforms are likely to have randomized positional errors.

The determination of the platform position can be performed at the ground by measuring the phase of the platform signals at multiple ground stations and triangulating the position of the platform. With suitable measurement of platform orientation and deformation, the position and orientation of each antenna element can be determined.

More elegantly, the position of the antenna elements can be found by reversing the beamforming process and by correlating signals from antennas on the array, if the antenna position is known to moderate accuracy by differential GNSS, e.g. GPS, GLONAS, GALILEO or other methods. In this manner, the position “solution” can be found by using signals from multiple ground stations or beacons that are in positions known to less than a 10^(th) of a wavelength. This then gives a very accurate location and orientation of the platform.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method of determining the position of a moving aerial antenna or antenna element mounted on at least one moving platform, such that the aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, the method involving determining the phase difference y_(i), being a fraction of a wavelength between the values 0 and 1, between signals of known wavelength λ_(i) transmitted from or to i ground based transmitters which may be backhaul base stations, wherein i is at least three, the ground based transmitters having known position to within λ_(i)/10, and the aerial antenna or antenna element, thereby establishing the distance from the base station to the aerial antenna or antenna element to be λ_(i)(n_(i)+y_(i)), wherein n_(i) is an unknown integer; determining the position of the aerial antennas or antenna elements approximately by differential Global Positioning System, GPS, or other methods to within a small number of wavelengths λ_(i) thereby establishing that n_(i) can be one of a limited number of possible integer values for each signal; the number of base stations and their positions being sufficient to allow elimination of the possible values of n_(i) that are inconsistent with the limited number of possible values for n_(i) from the other ground based transmitters, until only one integer value for each n_(i) is established; establishing the location of the aerial antenna or antenna element by triangulation of its known distance λ_(i)(n_(i)+y_(i)), from at least three ground based transmitters.

Thus the invention relates to a method of determining the positions of at least two antennas at an elevated location, at least one that is moving, such that the aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, the method involving two stages, the first being to determine by external reference, typically using differential GNSS, the position of the platform, and therefore the antenna, within the limits of the accuracy achievable, typically less than 20 cm, more typically less than 10 cm. This is comparable to a wavelength at typical mobile phone frequencies of several GHz.

The second stage is then to detect the signals from each of multiple ground stations by correlating some or all the antenna elements on the aerial array—finding the phase of the signal from each ground station by trialling many different relative delays to the signals received at each ground station and finding the delays that maximize the signals received from each ground station. This tunes the range from each individual ground station to the aerial antenna to give a much more precise distance within the volume defined by the first (e.g. differential GPS) method. By having multiple ground stations and finding their more accurate ranges then the intersection of those ranges gives the platform and antenna position.

Because the modes of freedom for the array are three normal distance axes, at least three ground stations are needed to fully determine the aerial antenna position sufficiently accurately utilizing this aspect of the invention for the process of cooperative inter-antenna beamforming to be possible. If the orientation of the aerial antennas is also to be determined by this method then a further three ground stations are needed to determine these. Alternatively, the antenna orientation can be determined by using on board orientation equipment—for example suitable gyroscopes.

Instead of using particular ground stations, dedicated beacon arrangements can provide the positioning signals.

By correlating the signals from the antenna elements at a sufficient frequency and using short-term position prediction, knowing the approximate platform (particularly if it is an aircraft) speed, direction, and roll, yaw and pitch rate, the position of the aerial antenna elements can be determined to the required accuracy for cooperative beamforming notwithstanding movement of the aerial antennas.

The same process can be used in reverse, transmitting signals from the aerial antennas or antenna elements to the multiple ground stations.

Once the aerial antenna elements are located in this way, all their movements can be tracked. However, in an additional aspect of the invention an accurate local time measurement is needed to allow signal phases to be determined at the required frequency to ensure a reasonable computational load for the processing system with processing either locally on the platform, or at one or more processing centres or some combination of the two. If, for example, updates are necessary then the time measurement is preferably accurate enough for the period between updates to allow the position to be measured to less than 1/10^(th) of a wavelength (at 2 GHz this would be to within 50 picoseconds).

Cooperative aerial inter-antenna “beamforming” can be used in conjunction with many different specific technologies for wireless communication to improve resistance to natural interference, jamming, or noise or to limit power flux density. These technologies include amongst others, local wireless area technology (WiFi), as based for example on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 standards or “wireless local area network” (WLAN). They also utilize various “spread spectrum” techniques in which the signal is transmitted on a spectrum larger than the frequency content of the original information, including frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), time-hopping spread spectrum (THSS), chirp spread spectrum (CSS), and combinations of these techniques.

Cooperative aerial inter-antenna “beamforming” can be utilized where very high data rates of sustained average levels of more than 100 Mbps and low latency—of less than 100 milliseconds is required for low altitude users, or mobile ground based users, or stationary users not connected to fibre optic cables for purposes such as, but not exclusively, outside broadcasting, ultra high definition video and games applications.

It has been discovered that utilizing different time delays to the different aerial antennas, a large number of beams can be generated which carry ‘very similar’ information to different femtocells on the ground within the same patch. This in turn allows the ‘effective width’ of the beam to be increased.

The ‘very similar’ data content of the cluster of cooperative beams, normally adjacent to one another, is distinguished only by positional, or power information, and minor noise. The channel capacity of each beam would normally be substantial fractions of Mbps, Gbps, or even greater, whereas the positional or power information would normally be bps or kbps. So excluding minor noise, the difference in information is preferably less than one thousandth or more preferably less than one millionth of the total information flow. Noise levels will be discussed later.

In a second aspect of the invention, it has been discovered that using the wider ‘effective widths’ of the beams from constellations of aerial antennas can allow more readily the initiation of communication beams between particular UE and the aerial system followed by successive narrowing of the ‘effective widths’ of the relevant beams to use available bandwidth within patches effectively.

The invention will now be illustrated by way of example particularly with reference to an implementation referred to as “HAP-CELL”, which utilises cooperative aerial antenna beamforming, and with reference to the following figures in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a phased array.

FIG. 3 illustrates beam forming on a single phased array.

FIG. 4 illustrates beam formation by a constellation of antennas supported by a fleet of aircraft.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the system arrangement and connection with a mobile telecommunications network.

FIG. 6 is a schematic arrangement of an aircraft communication system.

FIG. 7 is a schematic arrangement of a backhaul ground based station (BG Station) system.

FIG. 8 illustrates multiple HAP-Cell systems.

FIG. 9 illustrates multiple platforms supported by tethered aerostats.

FIG. 10 illustrates the generation of ground based femtocells.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of how beams from one or more aerial antenna(s) can be modified to give good coverage up to a national boundary but minimize energy spillover.

DESCRIPTION

A glossary of terms is described in Table 3.

The present invention can provide high data rate communications to and from UE that can interface with a conventional mobile telecommunications network or Internet.

The invention allows for the support of standard interface specifications and protocols or proprietary interface protocols. In the illustrative example, there is support for communications with standard, unmodified mobile phones, smartphones, tablets or mobile computers as the UEs.

Other UE that could be supported would be transceivers on vehicles, vessels or aircraft, or fixed devices on or inside buildings to enable the connection of electronic devices to the Internet.

The present invention is furthermore capable of connecting to the pre-existing mobile phone network and Internet through appropriate interfaces. The communications topology can be arranged in the same fashion as a conventional mobile phone network, and in that case, the present invention can be used as part of a conventional mobile network.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the HAP-CELL system. FIG. 1 illustrates just one potential configuration: utilizing multiple aircraft (8) as the platforms to create the constellation of antennas over, e.g. approximately a 60 km diameter “Service area” (13).

The system uses a “constellation” of antennas mounted on multiple platforms (9) operating at approximately 20 km altitude. These platforms can be for example, aerostats, tethered or free flying; or manned or unmanned aircraft. In the case of aircraft, they can, for example, be solar powered for long endurance at suitable latitudes and seasons, or use hydrogen as a high energy density fuel for applications that require higher-powered equipment or in areas that have limited solar irradiation at particular seasons. Other fuels such as hydrocarbons can be utilized.

In FIG. 1, each aircraft platform (9) supports two antennas (15,16), one used for transmission and one for reception. In one embodiment, the platforms carry phased array systems, or horn antenna systems. These systems, when using beamforming technology, can provide many separate beams (6,7) in different directions to communicate with UEs (11) situated on different “patches” (10), areas illuminated by an antenna beam, and can also provide the “backhaul” links (5) to the “backhaul ground”, BG stations (4).

The HAP-CELL system can provide communication links with BG stations (4) to provide the backhaul data communication systems that support the UE activities with the rest of the cellular network. The BG stations can also use phased array systems with beamforming technology to communicate directly with the platforms under the control of a computer processing system, e.g. a ground-based computer processing centre, or simpler dish or horn-based systems. The BG stations can be connected to the ground-based computer processing centres (1) via standard protocols; by fibre optic, or microwave connections or any other physical connection technology (3). For simplicity not all the links to the backhaul stations are shown in FIG. 1.

An illustrative embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5 includes:

-   -   1. The platform based phased array antennas, which communicate         with the many UEs (UE₁, UE₂ to UE_(n)) and BG stations (51,52)         supported by aerial platforms (not shown).     -   2. Optional additional platform based receivers and transmitters         that carry the backhaul data links (not shown).     -   3. The BG stations or other antennas which communicate with the         platforms and link to the processing centre.     -   4. A processing centre (53), which calculates all the parameters         for the communication links and provides the interface to the         wider cellular network. (54).

Thus, the HAP-CELL system provides that a constellation of antennas (normally at least three, but typically fifteen or even many hundred in line of sight within the area in which the ground based UE resides) provides co-operative or inter-platform beamforming for very targeted communications with individual users, see FIG. 1: the beam (12) used for a single user within a particular patch is very small.

Utilizing the invention a targeted beam may be formed on a single UE: the intersection of this with the ground can be presented to the mobile network as an individual cell which has the ability to use the full available resources (signal bandwidth and communication power) for communication to a single piece of UE. These cells are termed herein as “dynamic femtocells” or DF-Cells.

FIG. 10 shows an example where three aircraft (121) provide the platforms on which reside at least three aerial antennas. Together these simulate a much larger aerial antenna (122) and generate a number of beams (123) that have modest femtocell sizes on the ground. In the example shown in FIG. 10 different UE can be situated in the different femtocells: A,1,2,3 etc. The femtocells can move on the ground and are described as “dynamic femtocells.”

Very effective use of bandwidth is possible with the use of multiple aerial antennas.

If the spectral efficiency of the system is S (bits/s)/Hz, where the side lobes outside each femtocell are of sufficiently low power, the full potential data transfer rate of S×Bandwidth×Number of antennas in line of sight of the UE, can be utilized by a suitable number of user equipment transceivers within each area represented by the limit of resolution of the antenna beam from an individual aerial antenna.

If the simulated antenna has a size comparable to its distance from the ground based UE, the femtocells generated will be very small: comparable to the carrier wavelength. In the case of a 2 GHz carrier frequency with a wavelength of 15 cm, the femtocell size might be only a small number of wavelengths greater than this, certainly under 1 m. Alternatively if the distance between the aerial antenna is small, so the simulated antenna size is moderate—of the order of a few hundred meters, then the ground based femtocell size would be much larger, around 10 meters in diameter, perhaps exceptionally 30 meters in diameter.

Different beam widths have different benefits, for example a small femtocell size has considerable advantages in providing a much greater focusing of power from the aerial antennas and a greater security of the data transfer to the UE.

However a small femtocell size means that motion of the UE is harder to track for the processing system and requires more resources to ensure a robust signal.

It can be seen that being able to steer a beam directed at a particular UE, and to change its effective width to prevent or ameliorate the effects on data transfer of motion of the UE or the aerial antennas is advantageous.

In a preferred embodiment, the power received in each beam from the UE can be measured, and with a suitable algorithm, a control system can generate additional beams and shutdown existing beams or merely steer existing beams to minimize the power required to communicate to particular UE. This aspect of the invention is particularly useful if the UE is moving relative to the constellation of aerial antennas. It greatly reduces the number of “handovers” between cells, which would be required between conventional fixed micro and picocells with moving UE.

To illustrate the tracking aspect of the invention, consider the case in FIG. 10: if there is one piece of UE in femtocell A, and no other pieces of UE in femtocells 1,2,3 etc. but the received power from each of these femtocells is monitored, then if the UE moves from femtocell A to femtocell 1, the processing centre can identify an increase of received power from femtocell 1, can discontinue generating—and monitoring received power from—femtocells 3, 4, and 5 and begin monitoring received power from femtocells 7 and 8.

In this context it has been discovered that search algorithms relating the power received by the system from particular beams can be used to steer the beams and adjust their width.

The communication of particular data, applications and content may have deleterious effects on user equipment or particular users, for example, children. The present system allows a system operator to introduce checks in the processing centre or elsewhere on data, applications and content to protect user equipment or particular users.

Thus, in a further aspect the invention relates to a method of receiving and/or transmitting data, applications and/or content to an antenna on user equipment, the method utilising the network or process as described herein.

The present system allows for much more precise identification of geographic location within a wide area of coverage, along with higher data rates, than current systems.

Currently in macrocells outside urban areas other than by using an additional system such as differential GPS, locations are difficult to establish to less than tens if not hundreds of metres. Even within urban areas with microcells locations of 10 m or less are difficult to obtain.

Within a large area accessible by a constellation of antennas, location can often be identified within metres and even to sub-metre resolution, dependent on propagation conditions. This allows the system at the resolution of rooms or buildings the capability to restrict access to specific or general user equipment on a continuous or intermittent basis.

Such an access capability has the potential to allow appropriate authorities within properties over which they have suitable rights to restrict or modify access, for example to control under age or visitor access in specific rooms, at specific times or continuously. This capability also has the ability to readily provide information on the location of the user equipment to another party contacting another piece of user equipment.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a process for the management of access to the apparatus or process described herein, by specifying the location and/or time that will permit or reject the transmission or reception of information to that location.

Phased Array Antennas and Inter-Antenna Beamforming Technology

The UE may include transmitters or receivers or both. The aerial antennas can be phased arrays or conventional antennas or both.

As discussed above, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention involves the use of advanced phased arrays, which enable “intra-array beamforming” or beamforming within a single antenna. There follows a brief description of these technologies.

Phased arrays consist of a large number of individual antenna elements, but in the rest of this document “antenna(s)” will refer to one or more phased arrays or one or more conventional individual antenna(s) such as a horn antenna(s).

Phased arrays have a particular advantage for high altitude aircraft and other platforms in that their aspect ratio, the ratio of their width to depth is generally low, and thereby often easier to mount in a structure where low aerodynamic drag is required.

Antenna(s) mounted on high altitude platforms can communicate both to and from UE, not primarily connected other than via the high altitude platform antenna(s) with a large ground based communication network such as the internet or a cellular network. Such antenna(s) can also communicate with backhaul ground based stations (“BG stations”) which are directly connected to a large ground based communication network and provide “backhaul” known to those skilled in the art.

The UE may include transmitters or receivers or both. The aerial antennas can be phased arrays or conventional antennas or both.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a small phased array (21). It has an array of small antenna elements (22), which are connected to either the input of low noise amplifiers prior to digitization as a receiving system or to output amplifiers for transmission. Each antenna element is used independently and by controlling the precise time, or phase, of a signal between elements, a beam can be formed in a similar fashion as with a parabolic dish. The phased array may be designed so the antenna elements are all planar, as shown in FIG. 2 where two or more layers (23) define the electromagnetic performance. The phased array can also be a more complex shape, for example, “bowed” so that the outermost elements are pointing at an angle to the axis of the array.

The mechanism to form beams from a single receiving phased array is shown in one-dimension in FIG. 3, which shows beamforming on a single array. Phased-array beamforming is a well-established and understood technology and this invention supports phased array antenna concepts. By way of illustration a specific realisation is considered in which each antenna element (36) is at a distance (37) from its neighbour of less than or equal to half the wavelength of the highest operating frequency; in the example shown in FIG. 3, which is designed to operate in the 2 GHz bands (λ=15 cm), the spacing (37) is ˜7.5 cm. This enables the array to detect the amplitude and phase of the received electromagnetic signal. Each antenna element is connected to a low noise amplifier. In order to form a beam for a flat array, the requirement is to have a linearly increasing signal delay across the width of the array; this can be done in either the analogue or digital domain. The diagram at the top of FIG. 3 shows the relative delays (32) on the y-axis (30) used in producing the beam (35) where the distance across the antenna is plotted on the x-axis (31). The signals from all the antenna elements suitably relatively delayed are then summed to form a composite signal, which is a “beam.” The beam size is given approximately by λ/d where λ is the wavelength and d the diameter of the array. In the case of a 2 GHz signal and a 1.5-metre diameter array, the beam would normally be ˜5.7° wide. However, by appropriate antenna element “weighting” this can be tailored to widen the beam. If required this enables the beams to be varied to give approximately uniform coverage on the ground as changes in the elevation of the array from points on the ground result in the beam being spread to a greater or lesser extent over the surface.

Phased arrays also have the benefit that, by using recent developments in digital technology, very wide bandwidths can be implemented. The frequency range of recent, planar antenna elements can be as high as 3:1 from the lowest to the highest frequency supported. In such planar systems multiple conducting or partially conducting layers are each situated in planes parallel to each other and at 90 degrees to the axis of the antenna.

Because all the signals from each antenna element are available for any usage, it is entirely practical to apply a different set of delays across the array, and sum the second set of signals and form a second beam. As also illustrated in FIG. 3: another beam (34) can be produced by a different set of delays (33). This process can be repeated many times to form many different beams concurrently using the array.

Forming many beams in the digital domain can be readily achieved. The only requirement after digitization is additional processing resources and data bandwidth to communicate or further process all the beam information.

While it is possible to form a large number of beams with an individual phased array, the maximum number of “independent” beams that can carry data unique from all other beams cannot exceed the total number of antenna elements in the array. For example, if an array has 300 independent antenna elements (separated by ˜λ/2 or greater) there can be a maximum of 300 independent beams; more beams than this can be formed but these beams will not all be independent. In this instance the non-independent beams will each transmit and receive the same (or similar) encoded information—these beams may still be utilised by appropriate resource sharing schemes or in other ways relevant to the invention.

Phased arrays can form beams over a scan angle range up to approximately ±60° from the axis normal to the plane of the array. This is due to the geometrical limitation of the array where the illumination area of the elements is reduced as a cosine of the scan angle; also the sensitivity of the beam of the individual antenna elements is reduced due to their being off the centre of the beam. The result is that the illumination area of a horizontal array is limited by the maximum scan angle to approximately 60 km diameter with large single arrays for transmit and receive, and this limit may be extended with more complex shaping of the arrays.

Referring to FIG. 6, the receiving array may consist of many planar dual polarized receive elements (68) in a regular array (64). Two polarisations are preferred for the inter-antenna beamforming techniques due to the need for precise amplitude and phase information; also to ensure the best signal reception at the arbitrarily positioned UE. Each polarization is amplified, filtered and digitized over the receive bandwidth required. The antenna element electronics are conveniently mounted immediately behind the receive antenna element for low noise pickup, simpler assembly and to distribute the heat load over a large area. The digitized signal for each polarization is transmitted to the signal processing system for beamforming.

In one example, the array is 1.5-metres in diameter with antenna elements spaced at 7.5 cm. This results in approximately 315 antenna elements or 630 signal paths. This gives a service area of 60 km diameter broken into ˜160 patches (concepts for a modified array that can cover a wider area are discussed later in this document).

A position detection system (60), an orientation detection system (62) and a control and coefficient processor (61) interface with a signal processing system (63) which in this preferred implementation needs a highly accurate clock system (66) which can be interfaced in turn to a positioning system (67).

The transmit array (65) is of a very similar design and size as the receive array. It has many dual polarized transmit elements (69). Digitised signals are computed by the signal processing system for each polarization, transmitted to a digital-to-analogue converter, filtered, amplified, and passed to the output power amplifier for transmission. As with the receive array, the element electronics can be mounted behind the transmit elements to distribute the heat load and minimize stray radiation.

Beamforming

The present invention utilises beamforming across the multiple aerial antennas to generate narrow cooperative beams to the UE.

The system operates by the antennas, e.g. phased arrays on every platform in a “constellation” of multiple arrays, each forming one of their component signals onto a specific “patch”. The signal sent from all the arrays to a specific patch carries essentially the same information content (differences could include, e.g. noise from quantisation and analogue effects), but has a phase delay across the constellation of antennas, thereby forming a very narrow “synthesized beam” from the individual array beams.

The phase delay, or time delay for wide band signals, for the data signal from each antenna to a UE is compensated accurately for the different distances in phase space from individual antennas to the UE. The delay is calculated such that the signal to the UE from every antenna arrives at the same time and is phase coherent at the UE. Signal amplitude from each of the aerial platforms is adjusted such that typically all signals are normalised at the UE, but can be adjusted, for instance to reduce side lobes. These adjustments are known as the coefficients for each signal. A similar process is applied to the signal to each UE within a patch and combined to form the overall patch beam for every aerial antenna. These beam forming instructions can either be calculated on the ground in a processing centre and transmitted as an encoded representation of the patch beam to each aerial antenna or used at the platform to form the patch beams.

For signals transmitted from the UE to the constellation of aerial antennas the processing system similarly applies phase or time delays to the patch beam from every aerial antenna in the constellation and then sums them to form a coherent receive beam on a UE. This combined signal is used to communicate with the wider cellular network. Typically this processing will be carried out at the ground processing centre which receives an encoded representation of the patch beams received at the aerial antenna.

The synthesized beams are computed to become “user beams” which track specific UEs. This is illustrated in FIG. 4, which shows beam formation in the service area, by a constellation of antennas labelled HAP₁, HAP₂ to HAP_(m). The antenna on HAP1 is shown producing three beams (40,42, and 44), which are directed at three patches (41, 43, and 45). HAP₂ and HAP_(m) are shown producing similar beams.

The size of the synthesized beam is much smaller: ˜λ/D where D is the maximum diameter of the constellation of antennas. If, for example, the antennas are situated within a circle of diameter, D=10 km, at the centre of a service area of 60 km diameter, then for a 2 GHz signal the beam is only 0.1 arc minutes wide; which results in a beam diameter of only 60 cm diameter at ground level directly underneath the antenna constellation or less than 3 metres diameter at the edge of the service area. The small size of the area these user beams interact with is shown by the areas (46).

The minimum size of the area on the ground, the “resolution area,” which an independent beam from a single aerial antenna could interact with, varies with its position relative to the aerial antenna. The “maximum beam data rate” (MBDR) that can be transferred to or from a single antenna within a beam is given by the number of bits per second per Hertz bandwidth, multiplied by the bandwidth available. The maximum number of bits per second per Hertz is limited by the signal to noise ratio of the signal, as is well known to those skilled in the art.

The beam sizes can be adjusted to be larger than the minimum beam size for a single antenna, so that area illuminated by each beam may be tailored to the requirements of the operational environment of the system.

If all the aerial antennas are relatively close together compared to the diameter of the service area, the “resolution areas” will be comparable in size from one antenna to another. If the aerial antennas are far apart, the “resolution areas” from different antennas will be very different in size. The limit to the amount of data that can be transferred within one resolution area given by the number of antennas in the constellation multiplied by the MBDR if the resolution area sizes from each of the antennas are similar. The available bandwidth can be split into multiple blocks of resources, e.g. frequency bands, time slots and codes, thereby increasing the number of UEs that can be supported although with a lower data rate available to each UE. Other radio resource sharing techniques can be used. There cannot be more data present in the user beams than is available in the antenna beams.

In the HAP-CELL system, the constellation of aerial antennas effectively operates just as would a single antenna having a dimension that is from 1 to 30 kilometers, preferably from 5 to 20 kilometers. Thus, very narrow beams can be generated.

Weightings on the antenna elements can be varied to control ground based patch sizes based on an optimization function reflecting population density or data rate density, taking into account the orientation and attitude of the antenna platform(s). In this manner, if the centre of the constellation is over a large city but at the edge of the service area there is a low population density, beams to and from the constellation may involve only a small fraction of the antenna elements of each array, thereby saving power.

Platforms Supporting Antennas

Platforms can be implemented as:

(i) Aircraft that are powered using either solar energy or hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel to carry the communications equipment at approximately 20 km. The aircraft carry the equipment for communicating with UEs and with the BG stations. Also, they carry the signal processing systems, precise clock and timing units and control computers.

(ii) Free flying aerostats powered by solar cells or other technologies. The aerostats carry the equipment for communicating with UEs and with the BG stations. Also, they carry the signal processing systems, precise clock and timing units and control computers.

(iii) Tethered aerostats powered by hydrogen conveyed along the tether, or supplied with electrical power via the tether or supplied by solar cells situated on or connected to the aerostat platforms. A tethered aerostat supporting one or more tethers can carry a number of platforms at a number of different altitudes with each platform in turn supported by the tether(s). Each platform may also receive additional support from its own aerostat. The tethered platform system carries the equipment for communicating with UEs and with the BG stations, and they may carry the signal processing systems, precise clock and timing units and control computers or this may be ground based. FIG. 9 shows the layout of such a system:

In the case shown there are tethered aerostats (90, 91) connected by tethers either directly to the ground (93) or indirectly (92). Some aerostats (91) are connected indirectly, and some directly (90) to the ground. In the case shown the antennas (94) are wholly contained inside the envelope of the aerostats. They may be partially contained or not contained at all. UE (96) is communicated to by beams (95) from the aerial antennas (94) in a co-operative manner. At least two antennas communicate with each UE.

(iv) Ground-based antennas based on very high towers or buildings where there is significant movement of the antenna of at least 1/10 of the wavelength of the carrier signal.

(v) Conventional commercial aircraft used for passenger transport supporting additional intermittent aerial antenna capability.

(vi) Space-based satellites.

(vii) Hybrid air vehicles.

The system may consist of one or several types of platform described above.

Platform Communications with UE

The platforms are normally all equipped with at least two phased arrays of equivalent size and number of elements, a transmit array and a receive array, to enable the system to have concurrent transmission and reception for any waveform and multiplexing technique that operates at the selected frequency allocation and bandwidth. It is possible to use a single array, but the electronics required is of greater complexity and weight, and may only support time division multiplexing and not the more usual frequency division multiplexing. The arrays form beams that divide the service area into a number of patches. The patches are treated as “cells” by the cellular telephone network.

The UE may be ground based or could be on a manned or unmanned aircraft at lower altitude than the aerial antennas. The UE could also be carried on some form of transportation technology including but not limited to trains, motor vehicles and shipping.

Backhaul Communications

The HAP-CELL system can provide a “transparent” link between the cellular network and the individual users' devices in a similar fashion as conventional ground based mast based systems. This provides compatibility with the existing cellular network.

The present invention allows for the possibility of a substantial amount of data communicated between the platforms and the UEs. Thus there has to be at least the same amount of user data communicated through the backhaul system to and from the platform and processing system. There are the following options for transmitting the data from and receiving it to the platforms via the following communication links:

-   -   1. Use capacity on the phased arrays used for communication to         UE on each platform.     -   2. Use alternative, high capacity links on alternative phased         arrays.     -   3. Use single beam point-to-point high capacity links.     -   4. Use free-space optical links to BG stations.     -   5. Use free-space optical links between platforms, so that a         platform in a less well-developed area can communicate by laser         to a satellite or aircraft that has a microwave downlink to BG         stations. This can be via a series of repeater platforms with         redundancy.

Both polarisations could be used independently on the backhaul link, potentially halving the number of BG stations required.

The embodiment described below will use implementation 1 above and share resources on the large arrays to provide both the backhaul communications and the user links.

Much of the technology used in the present invention is used in the telecommunications industry and develops techniques used in radio astronomy for beamforming and beam shaping. The use of one-dimensional phased arrays, the interface specifications, the data encoding techniques, the use of signal processing etc. are all widely used by the existing cellular telecommunication systems. The present invention integration results in a very high performance system that interfaces compatibly into most existing cellular telephone network technology.

Processing System

The present invention is managed by a processing system, which may be a distributed system or, as shown in the figures, FIG. 1 shows a processing centre (1), which is normally ground based, saving weight and power on the aerial platforms. The processing system interfaces to the cellular telephone network (2), and it provides direct control of the signals being used by the platforms to communicate with the UEs.

The processing system may be physically distributed between a processing centre, processing co-located with the aerial antennas and/or backhaul ground stations, and processing services provided by third-party (known as “cloud”) providers.

The processing system provides the interface to the cellular network through a defined interface to the cellular network.

The processing system computes for the aerial antennas:

(i) The beamforming coefficients required for the signals received from the UE and BG stations both for antennas and if these are phased arrays, normally but not exclusively the coefficients for the antenna elements.

(ii) The phases and amplitudes for the signals to be transmitted to UE and BG stations.

(iii) All algorithms to implement operational aspects such as positional determination of platforms and user equipment.

For BG stations the processing system can compute and provide:

(i) The coefficients for the signals to be transmitted by the BG stations to the aerial antennas.

(ii) The coefficients for the signals received from the BG station antennas and if need be the antenna elements if the BG stations are using phased array antennas.

The BG stations can be linked directly to a processing centre via high-speed connections such as fibre optic data links or direct microwave links.

The signals at the platform are complex in that they define all the characteristics to enable the constellation of platform phased arrays to beamform precisely onto individual users.

All these signal processing and beamforming calculations are performed in the processing system. The processing system may comprise at least one processing centre with some processing required on each platform. Such processing centres are ideally located at ground-level, for simplicity. Preferably however, ground level processing dominates the overall signal processing capability, consuming over 70 percent, preferably over 90 percent of the signal processing electronics electrical power requirements.

The processing system also determines how the system presents itself to the cellular network, including providing the required interface to enable efficient resource allocation.

The processing system may be capable of a further range of enabling functions, as will now be illustrated. The processing system may be capable of determining when the formation of a DF-Cell is required to permit up to the maximum resource allocation to a given piece of user equipment. The processing system will support all resource allocation methods required by the cellular network including, but not limited to, frequency and time multiplexing. The processing system will also determine the frequencies that will be used by each platform. This can be up to the full bandwidth of the frequency allocations or restricting the bands for specific network or mobile phone operators using either overlaid systems according to the present invention or a mixture of ground based antennas and the present system. It would also support co-operative use of multiple operators, assuming suitable agreements can be reached.

The system can also use time division multiplexing or other radio resource sharing techniques.

Programmable signal processing components, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, FPGAs, are now of a power and capability suitable for this system. Such devices are now available that can perform this task, e.g. the Kintex (www.xilinx.com/products/silicon-devices/fpga/kintex-ultrascale.html) family of devices from Xilinx, which feature up to 8 Tera MACs (Tera=10¹²; MAC=Multiply Accumulate, the basic processing operation in digital signal processing) processing capability and 64×16 Gb/s communication channels using modest power, typically under forty watts.

The signal processing system uses information transmitted from the processing centre to form required beams on the UEs and (if required) on the BG stations. The data in the beams that are formed is retransmitted to users, BG stations or used by the control processors on the aircraft.

As discussed, processing on the platforms is preferably minimised, however there may be at least some processing carried out there which can include:

-   -   Reconstruct the coefficients used by the signal processors to         form the required beams;     -   Use information from the position and orientation systems as         part of the beamforming process;     -   Monitor, control and report the status of the aircraft payload         systems.

The processing capabilities required are of the order of a conventional PC server, but as a specialist implementation requires less power.

Accurate time determination at the moving aerial antennas is essential to the precise reception and transmission using beamforming of the signals.

It has been found that a suitable clock generation uses a GPSS, e.g. GPS system for long-term (greater than ten's of seconds) accuracy and an oven temperature stabilized crystal oscillator for short-term accuracy. This combination will give the phase precision required for both local aircraft beamforming and beamforming between aircraft. The requirement is to have phase stability for the analogue to digital converters, ADCs, and digital to analogue converters, DACs, to have precise sampling at all times.

Backhaul Ground Stations (BG Stations)

As discussed, the HAP-CELL system may benefit from the provision of one or more BG stations. The BG stations can provide the communication links to and from the platforms and the processing centre. Each BG station should be able to communicate independently with as many platforms in line of sight as possible, to maximize the data rate capabilities of the platforms.

Typically, there are therefore at least as many beams formed at each BG station as platforms visible from the individual BG stations. Using phased arrays as the communication system at the BG stations will provide this facility. The design of these phased arrays can be similar to those on the platforms.

BG stations provide the high-speed data links between the aircraft and the HAP-CELL processing centre. To reduce the number of BG stations and their associated costs, it is useful for the BG stations to have multi-beaming capability so that they can each communicate with each aerial antenna independently when there is a constellation of multiple antennas, to provide the high data rates required for the network. By this means the data rate to or from each BG station can be increased by a factor equal to the number of aircraft being communicated with over that which would be possible with a single aircraft.

An implementation using phased arrays similar to the systems used on the aircraft is illustrated in FIG. 7. As with the aircraft phased arrays there are separate transmit (75) and receive (74) arrays.

The receive array (74) has a large number of elements (78) which provide signals to the receiver processing system (72). The transmit array (75) has a large number of elements (79) which receive signals from the transmitter processing system (73). Both receiver and transmitter processing systems interface (71) with the HAPS-CELL processing system (70). They also can require input from a clock system (76), which in turn receives input from a positioning system (77). BG stations are separated far enough apart for beams from the individual aircraft arrays to resolve them independently with different array beams. This is to provide a sufficient aggregate data rate to every aircraft.

In the example shown, BG stations are under the direct control of the processing system; the processing system determines the amplitude and phase for every array element.

In certain locations where the availability of BG stations is low, it may be advantageous to link one aircraft with another more suitably located over BG stations by laser or free space optical devices. These have been developed in recent years and allow high data rate communication (greater than 1 Giga bit per second) with modest (under 100 W) power consumption and can be of modest weight of less than 25 kg but able to communicate in the stratosphere at distances of at least 60 km, and more preferably of 250 km and on occasion of 500 km or more. With such an arrangement, it is possible for one or more aerial antennas to be linked to BG stations many hundreds, if not thousands, of kilometers distant by utilizing laser links between additional aircraft.

Aircraft Based Communication System

For communicating with the UEs the aircraft are fitted with large phased arrays and associated signal processing and control systems, as illustrated in FIG. 6.

There are two phased arrays: one for receive (64) and the other for transmit (65). This is to ensure that there is full separation between the two paths such that both systems can operate using frequency division duplex, FDD, systems; these are the most popular cellular phone communication links. Two arrays can also support the alternative time division duplex, TDD, systems without the complexity of sharing an array for both transmit and receive.

As discussed above, these arrays both have many individual receive or transmit elements (68, 69); the array signals are combined in the signal processing system (63) to produce the required beams.

Finding the Position and Tracking Users During a Connection

The system can keep track of UEs in a similar fashion to a conventional ground based network. The UE needs to be kept within the cooperative beam when a call or data transfer is in progress.

When using Inter-Aerial Antenna beamforming the beam on the UE could be very focused, of e.g. approximately 1 meter diameter. There are then two further functions required:

-   -   To sufficiently identify the required antenna weightings to         allow such a focused beam to establish a connection;     -   To adjust these weightings appropriately during the connection         to allow for the movement of the aerial antennas and the UE.

It has been discovered that by using the arrays within the constellation to “focus” on the UE by using progressively more and sometimes different antennas as part of the beamforming process such a process can be achieved. By optimizing the beamformed location for signal strength prior to including more aircraft, then the relevant antenna weightings can be optimized. The focusing process can be speeded up substantially by the UE reporting its GPS position, if that function is available.

During a connection the UE can move out of the beam. Narrow bandwidth secondary beam(s) can be used to rapidly sample in a pattern around the user's position. Increased signal strength in a particular direction or area can then be used to modify antenna weightings and beam position and direction.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the first cooperative beam is generated at a first point in time, and at a second point in time, carrying out a second beamforming operation to ensure that the cooperative beam is directed to the position of the moving user antenna.

Beam Shaping and Sidelobe Minimization

The requirements of beam precision for cellular networks are quite stringent, particularly for energy spillover at national boundaries. A great benefit of using phased array techniques rather than fixed dishes is the ability to modify the beams electronically.

Setting the appropriate amplitude and phase delay on the antenna elements forms and steers beams. When there are many antenna elements, this gives flexibility in shaping the beam to the specific requirements by trading off sensitivity and beam control. The result is that the patches can be well defined and the edges of the service area can be controlled closely to minimize sidelobes or other artefacts to affect neighbouring areas.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of how beams from one or more aerial antenna(s) can be modified to give good coverage up to a national boundary but minimize energy spillover into an adjacent country.

In diagram 130 in FIG. 11, patches of coverage beams from individual antennas or multiple antennas follow a regular grid arrangement where the position of the grid elements is given on the x-axis (133), in this case East-West, by numerals and on the y-axis (132), in this case North-South, by letters. For example the element 136 can be referred to as having location G7. An irregular national border is shown (135).

Shaded squares illustrate to where energy is being transmitted by the aerial antenna system. It can be seen that to ensure low spillover of energy there is an area next to the border where little energy is transmitted, for example in patches A6, B7, C7, D5, E5, F8 and so forth.

Diagram 131 in FIG. 11 shows the same area, with the same y-axis (132) and a comparable x-axis (134) but with modification of the antenna element and antenna phasing—and if need be amplitude, to move the patches to the left or right to more closely follow the national border. For example, cell G7 (136) has moved, along with its row (G1 to G5) in an easterly direction so it has become located at a new position (137). The uncovered area closer to the national border has been significantly reduced.

The synthesized beams formed using Inter-Antenna beamforming can be similarly controlled, trading sensitivity for beam-shape to minimize artefacts and actively control beamsize.

Data Rates

The data rate available depends upon the bandwidth available from the band that is in use. For this embodiment, it is assumed that the band is LTE Band 1 (other frequencies are also available):

Uplink: 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz 60 MHz bandwidth Downlink: 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz 60 MHz bandwidth

In certain embodiments the links to individual UEs will only use the bandwidth required for the function being used, hence the bandwidth can be sub-divided to service as many users as possible.

The data rates through an example HAP-CELL system are shown in Table 1. As can be seen, this is using Band 1 frequencies and 50 aircraft in a fleet. The data rates per link are dependent upon the signal to noise ratio of the link; hence there is an expectation of higher data rates in the same bandwidths for the backhaul links than to the UEs. This is because the connection to the backhaul can be much better managed due to the fixed, outdoor nature of the equipment and the potential for using higher transmission power and larger antennas than for mobile UE.

As can be seen, the maximum data rate to the UE is very high, assuming the use of clear, high SNR connections. As with all cellular networks, the data rate will be adjusted for the actual link performance.

There is a very strong trade-off of the number of BG stations and the power that can be used for each link. It is worth noting that the dominant data communications will be between the network and the user, with typically a lower data rate on average on the return path. This means that a higher power can be used from the ground stations to the aircraft for a higher number of bits per Hertz and a better spectral efficiency; also, a higher power for transmission from the aircraft than is used by the user for enhanced data rate on that link.

Use of 28/31 GHz Bands

There are frequency bands at 28 GHz and 31 GHz allocated by the International Telecommunications Union to HAP downlink and uplink communications as follows:

Downlink: 27.5 GHz to 28.35 GHz 850 MHz bandwidth Uplink: 31.0 GHz to 31.3 GHz 300 MHz bandwidth

These provide considerably more bandwidth than the 2 GHz frequencies commonly used for mobile networks, but are harder to implement with conventional electronics—particularly as a phased array.

TABLE 1 Example HAP-CELL system, 50 aircraft, 1.5 m 2 GHz single arrays (values used for indicative sizing of the system) System Value Comments No. of Aircraft 10 to 50 Aircraft in a single fleet No. of BG stations 157-416 This depends upon encoding and number of polarisations on backhaul links. Bandwidth 60 MHz LTE Band 1: Chosen band for illustration purposes Wavelength, λ 15 cm ~2 GHz Aircraft height 20 km Lower stratosphere and well above commercial airspace Service area diameter 60 km Within max. scan angle of aircraft phased arrays allowing for pitch and yaw of aircraft Platform mounted phased array: Diameter 1.5 m Selected to fit on the aircraft with good performance Number of antenna elements 315 ~1.5² * π/(4 * (0.075)²). (Area of array)/(area of antenna element) Polarisations 2 Dual polarization for beamforming and high reliability for user links. Max. antenna scan angle 60° Physical limitation, 20tan(60°) = 34.6 km, defines Service area No. of array beams formed ~160 50% × number of antenna elements: The number of patches is restricted for good definition of the edges. Patch size 4.7 km × Defined by the size of the arrays 4.7 km Backhaul data links: Implementation Phased Uses additional virtual patches on the aircraft phased array arrays beams Polarisations 2 Dual polarization, for beamforming performance. In principle could use separate polarisations for data - but not considered here. Modulation 256-QAM 8-bit/symbol. Data rate per link (max) 480 Mb/s 8-bit/s/Hz * 1 polarisations Data rate per link (min) 360 Mb/s 6-bit/s/Hz (64-QAM) * 1-pol Data rate per BG station 18 Gb/s Direct communication with 50 aircraft (in this example) - 1 Polarisation User data links: Patches 160 For a 60 km dia. service area with 1.5 km patches Polarisations Identical Identical information to avoid phone orientation issues Modulation, max Up to 64- 6-bits/symbol. This is the fastest modulation on very QAM good links Modulation, average 2- The average data capacity per link. bit/symbol Data rate max for 1 user 360 Mb/s The absolute max data rate with full BW and 64- QAM Data rate per aircraft (typ.) 19.2 Gb/s 120 Mb/s per patch * 160 patches System Data rates: Data rate per patch, max 6 Gb/s 120 Mb/s per plane, 50 planes Data rate over Service area, 960 Gb/s Assuming 50 planes in fleet in line of sight max Power Requirements for Aircraft Payload

The payload power usage on the aircraft considered is for the communications arrays, the digital processing systems on board and the control and positioning systems. Keeping the aircraft payload power requirements low is important for the limited power availability in either the solar powered aircraft or hydrogen-powered aircraft operating at high altitude.

For the phased array receivers and transmitters the power will scale as the number of antenna elements. Performing as much processing as is practical in the ground based processing facility minimizes the processing requirements at the aircraft. The power for the large number of digital interfaces will dominate the processing power.

Estimates for power consumption are shown in Table 2. This is an example calculated for an aircraft incorporating two 1.5 m diameter phased arrays for transmit and receive. Each array has 315 dual polarization antenna elements; each array therefore has 630 signal channels.

The power requirements are for ˜1.6 kW with these arrays.

The elements of the processing system located on the platform are implemented using standard components and as such will benefit over time from the improvements in processing available per unit of power consumed.

This would scale almost linearly with the number of elements or with the diameter of the arrays squared. Hence 3-m diameter arrays would be approximately four times this power requirement.

TABLE 2 Estimated power requirements for airplane with 2 × 1.5 m 2 GHz arrays Power Power each total Subsystem (W) Number (W) Comments Receive array: LNA & gain 0.5 630 315 chain Digitisation & 0.2 630 130 comms Power losses 45 10% power distribution losses Transmit array: DAC & 0.2 630 130 communication Power amplifier 0.5 630 315 Assuming 250 mW RF power per polarization Tx, 50% efficiency Power losses 45 10% power distribution Signal processing: Processing 200 10 FPGA's at 20 watts (processing) each Signal transport 0.1 630 65 Inter-FPGA links Control, clocks, orientation: Estimate 400 Substantial processing resources Total 1635 Effect of Aircraft Based Communications on Mobile Users

Communication links between aerial antennas and BG stations will normally be at above 30 degrees elevation resulting in a consistent signal for a given location. For UE the signals to and from the aerial antenna will often be passing through roofs of buildings, which will result in significant losses. However, in large systems, with many aircraft over adjacent, or overlapping service areas, then there is a high likelihood of signals coming in obliquely through windows and walls, which are typically more transparent to the signals.

The aircraft are up to 35 km away and have a round trip link of more than 70 km; the processing will have some buffering delays. The delays will not add up to more than a few milliseconds which is well within current mobile network specifications of <30 ms or proposed 5 G specifications of <5 ms.

Multiple Service Areas

The HAP-CELL system is intended for use over large areas. For densely populated areas, e.g. major cities, there may need to be multiple fleets of aircraft serving multiple service areas. The HAP-CELL system readily scales in this fashion and economies of infrastructure and additional communication capabilities become available. A multiple HAP-CELL system is illustrated in FIG. 8. There are three fleets of aircraft (85, 86, 87) identified. These form beams on patches either in their unique illuminated area, e.g. (88) or overlapping areas, e.g. (89). The cellular network and Internet (81) interfaces with one or more processing centres (82), which are linked by fibre optic cables or by microwave (83) to BG stations (84 or 841). Each service area (810, 811, 812) is approximately 60 km in diameter. As can be seen, the service areas can overlap, which provides higher total data rate for users. There is also the benefit of improved coverage. For example, if a user is shielded from a fleet of aircraft by being on the “other side” of a building, then there is likely to be coverage from an adjacent fleet.

Due to the user beam from a fleet of aircraft being “private” to an individual user there is no significant interference from adjacent fleets, or beams from adjacent fleets that are spatially separated.

There will be a significant saving in infrastructure. BG stations (841) can service more than one fleet of aircraft if they are suitably positioned. The BG stations form beams to each aircraft within a fleet, consequently, provided the fleets are within range then a BG station can service all the fleets within 30 km to 35 km.

The design of an area's coverage should consider how a number of aircraft, e.g. 50-100, should be deployed in fleets to have maximum benefit. There may be more, smaller fleets or fewer large ones with appropriate degrees of service area overlap. The details will depend upon the population density and other factors, but the HAP-CELL system can allow these trade-offs to be made.

The present invention supports the benefits of the HAP-CELL system described below.

Summary of Benefits of the Aerial Inter-Antenna Beamforming System

Wide Coverage Area:

The horizon for an antenna on a platform at 20 km altitude is at approximately 500 km radius. The elevation of such an instrument from any particular location on the ground is defined as the angle the instrument is above the horizontal at that point. For the platform to be above 5 degrees elevation, any location on the ground will be within a circle of radius 200 km centred directly below the platform. For elevations greater than 30 degrees the location must be within circle of radius 35 km centred below the platform. The latter constraint is appropriate for communications between the ground and a platform carrying only phased arrays situated in a horizontal plane. The former constraint may be appropriate for more complex array geometries but signal strength will become a limiting factor at distances over 100 km which is discussed later.

Low Installation Cost:

Use of platforms reduces the need for ground installations that are both time-consuming to install and expensive to run. Existing ground installations can be used in conjunction with the system to greatly increase capacity and coverage.

High Data Rate Links:

The traditional operation of a mobile network divides the network into a set of “cells.” Multiple UEs within a cell must share the available resources (signal bandwidth and communication power), which determine the maximum data rate to a user either by radio resource sharing techniques, for example, but not exclusively, sharing bandwidth or time multiplexing. A key element of HAP-CELL is that inter-antenna beamforming is used to create a DF-Cell centred on a specific device. This permits all the resources which can be made available by the implemented protocol to be used by a single device. Resource sharing as in standard implementations, is also supported by the invention.

Focused RF Power at the User:

Due to Inter-Antenna beamforming the power at the precise user location is increased. This minimizes the power usage on the platform and improves link quality. This is described in detail in Tables 2 and 3.

Scalable Capability:

The number of users and data rate can be increased easily and quickly—without normally the need for additional ground based infrastructure—by adding more platforms in the same area. The addition of extra BG stations can normally be avoided unless very large capacity increases over the previous infrastructure are needed. This feature, in itself, provides substantial resilience in the system. For example, losing one platform out of ten similar platforms, due to an equipment fault or maintenance or temporarily being unavailable due to flight patterns, would reduce the capacity of the system by 10%, but still give complete coverage within the service area. Similarly, losing one ground station out of a hundred would also only lose 1% of the communication data rate capability. This is significantly better than the loss of a standard mobile phone cell mast where all users within the cells it controls will lose the signal.

Coverage Area can be Accurately Tailored:

Phased array and beamforming technology enables the coverage area to be more accurately controlled than with ground-based systems. This is important for operation close to country borders.

For reliable communication, the beamforming technology needs to manage the effects of reflections such as from walls; or diffraction effects such as from the edges of intervening objects, such as the roofs of buildings, if the UE is ground based. Ideally the antennas on many of the platforms are in line-of-sight or close to it from the UE.

TABLE 3 Glossary of terms used in this document ADC Analogue to digital converter. Within the HAP-CELL systems converts the analogue RF signal to digital data stream for signal processing. Algorithm A process or code by which the power levels at a particular UE can be set. This might be to optimise the powers to antenna elements to ensure a minimum power level for all UE's or to ensure that given UE's had a higher power level. Antenna A phased array or conventional antenna. Antenna element An individual transmitting or receiving antenna within a phased array. Each has an individual electronic system for linking to a signal processing system Antenna weightings or Typically complex numbers that are used within the signal processing chain to coefficients adjust the amplitude and phase of the signals to and from individual antenna elements to form the desired beams from an antenna or constellation of antennas. Backhaul communications The RF data communication links from the aerial platforms to the ground and ultimately to the HAP-CELL processing centre. Beam Directional signal transmission or reception from an antenna Beamforming Beamforming is a signal processing technique used for multiple antennas or in the case of phased arrays, antenna elements, to give directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining the signals transmitted or received so that at particular angles they experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamwidth The angular beamwidth, as understood by practitioners skilled in the art, depends upon the ratio of the wavelength of the radiation used in said communications system divided by the separation between pairs of aerial antennas; for the conditions envisaged for this invention may be designed to be a wavelength of 15 centimetres and an aerial antenna separation of approximately 10 kilometres results in a beamwidth of less than 50 micro radians and beam size on the ground of less than 2 metres Beamforming coefficients Typically, these are complex numbers that are used within the signal processing chain to adjust the amplitude and phase of the signals to and from individual antenna elements to form the desired beams from an array or constellation of arrays. BG stations Backhaul ground stations. The ground based radio links to each of the platforms. Cell The logical functionality provided within an area on the earth's surface supplied with radio service. Each of these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies. Constellation A number of antennas supported by HAPs operating cooperatively over the same service area to provide communications to many UEs. Conventional Antenna An antenna which is not a phased array Cooperative beam A highly directional signal transmission or reception formed by coherently aligning beams from multiple antennas mounted on aerial platforms. Correlating Correlating is a mechanism to cross-multiply the signals to or from pairs of antenna elements, this is a fundamental part of interferometry to form the Fourier transform of the incoming or outgoing signals. DAC Digital to analogue converter. Within the HAP-CELL system converts a digital data stream into an analogue RF signal for amplification and transmission via an antenna element. DBF Digital beam-forming Femtocell The area, normally on the ground, which is intersected by a beam carrying information to and from a piece of UE and at least three aerial antennas involved in inter-antenna cooperative beam forming. Dynamic femtocell (DF A femtocell that is moved by changing antenna weights. Cell) Fleet Fleet of aircraft supporting a constellation of antennas HAP High Altitude Platform. This is the vehicle that carries the communications equipment in the Stratosphere. It can be an unmanned aircraft, tethered balloon or untethered balloon. HAP-CELL High altitude platform cellular system, which refers to an example of an implementation using HAPs to provide cellular communications. HAP-CELL Processing A facility associated with one or more HAP-CELL systems to control the centre communications to and from BG Stations, HAPs, UEs and the cellular network. Macrocells A cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a high power cellular base station. MBDR Maximum Beam Data Rate from a single antenna in a independent beam MBH Multiple beam horn (antennas) Microcell A microcell is a cell in a mobile phone network served by a low power cellular base station, covering a limited area such as a mall, a hotel, or a transportation hub. A microcell uses power control to limit the radius of its coverage area. Patch The patch is a specific area, normally on the ground, which can be illuminated by every antenna in the constellation with an independent beam. Payload The equipment carried on a Platform. Phased Array A type of antenna consisting of many small antenna elements, which are controlled electronically to form one or more Phased Array Beams. Phased arrays can be used on the HAPs or BG stations Phased Array Beam The electromagnetic beam formed by a phased array. Phased array beams from a HAP illuminates a patch. Platform The platform that carries the payload - an aircraft, tethered aerostat or free flying aerostat. Service Area The area of ground over which communications coverage is provided by one or more HAP-CELL aircraft. A service area is split into many patches. Spread Spectrum A technique in which a telecommunication signal is transmitted on a bandwidth Technologies considerably larger than the frequency content of the original information. Synthesised Beam The beam formed by beamforming HAPs in a constellation. The beam is small and illuminates a “dynamic femtocell.” Transmitting data Data can be transmitted over an RF link such as the aerial antennas. Can also refer to communicating data within a system over local links such as fibres or wires. UE See User Equipment. User Equipment The equipment used by an individual user, typically but not exclusively a mobile phone, tablet, or computer. Abbreviated to UE. User Beam A synthesised beam that tracks specific user equipment Weightings See Antenna weightings 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A process for cooperative aerial inter-antenna beamforming for communication between (a) multiple moving platforms, each platform having an aerial antenna mounted thereon, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and (b) at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas; the process involving a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves: determining the positions of the aerial antennas to within 1/10th of a wavelength of signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna; transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of the aerial antennas to a processing system, the processing system calculating and transmitting beamforming instructions to the aerial antennas, the aerial antennas thereby transmitting or receiving respective component signals for each user antenna, the component signals for each user antenna having essentially the same information content but differing in their phase and usually amplitude, so as to form a cooperative beam from a cooperative sum of the signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna; and carrying out a plurality of further beamforming operations, wherein the cooperative beam has essentially the same information content as that generated in the first beamforming operation, whereby the further cooperative beams are directed to form a cluster of beams surrounding the first cooperative beam.
 2. An apparatus for providing a communication network, for communication between (a) multiple moving platforms, each platform having an aerial antenna mounted thereon, such that one or more aerial antennas have variable positions and orientations over time, and (b) at least one user antenna mounted on user equipment having a lower altitude than the aerial antennas, the network being adapted to generate a first beamforming operation which beamforming operation involves: determining the positions of the aerial antennas to within 1/10th of a wavelength of signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna; transmitting data relating to the positions and orientations of the aerial antennas to a processing system, the processing system being further adapted to generate and transmit beamforming instructions to the aerial antennas, the aerial antennas being adapted to generate or receive respective component signals for each user antenna, the component signals for each user antenna having essentially the same information content but differing in their phase and amplitude, so as to form a cooperative beam between the cooperative sum of the signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna; and the network being adapted to carry out a plurality of further beamforming operations, wherein the further cooperative beams have essentially the same information content as that generated in the first beamforming operation, whereby the further cooperative beams are directed to form a cluster of beams surrounding the first cooperative beam.
 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein additional beamforming operations are carried out and added to the cluster, in response to the processing system receiving updated location information of the user antenna.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein existing cooperative beams are removed from the cluster, in response to the processing system receiving updated location information of the user antenna.
 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the direction of at least one beam in the cluster is altered in response to the processing system receiving updated location information of the user antenna.
 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein a location of the user antenna is determined by monitoring a power level in each of the cooperative beams in the cluster over time.
 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein positional and orientation data is transmitted by the aerial antennas to at least one ground based station.
 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the processing system comprises a ground based processing centre.
 9. The process according to claim 7, wherein ground level processing dominates an overall signal processing capability, consuming over 70 percent of the signal processing electronics power requirements.
 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least one aerial antenna is at an elevated location of at least 10,000m.
 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the aerial antennas is a phased array antenna.
 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the aerial antennas is connected to the ground.
 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise unmanned solar powered aircraft, airships or hybrid air vehicles.
 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise unmanned hydrogen powered aircraft.
 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise tethered aerostats.
 16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise free-flying aerostats.
 17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise hydrocarbon-fueled aircraft.
 18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the platforms comprise satellites.
 19. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least some of the platforms use different antennas for transmission or reception.
 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein data rates to and/or from the user antenna exceed 100 Mbps.
 21. A method of receiving and/or transmitting data, applications and/or content to an antenna on user equipment, the method utilising the apparatus according to claim
 2. 22. Non-transitory computer-readable media encoded with a computer program comprising computer implementable instructions which when implemented on a computer cause the computer to perform the process according to claim
 1. 23. The process according to claim 1, wherein the determining comprises utilizing differential global navigation satellite system data to obtain the positions of the aerial antennas to moderate accuracy, reversing the beamforming process, and correlating signals from the aerial antennas to obtain the positions of the aerial antennas to within 1/10th of the wavelength of the signals between the aerial antennas and the user antenna.
 24. The process according to claim 1, wherein the determining with respect to an individual aerial antenna comprises: determining a phase difference y_(i), being a fraction of a wavelength between the values 0 and 1, between signals of known wavelength λ_(i) transmitted from or to i ground based transmitters, wherein i is at least three, the ground based transmitters having known positions to within λ_(i)/10, thereby establishing a distance from the ground based transmitters to the aerial antennas to be λ_(i)(n_(i)+y_(i)), wherein n_(i) is an unknown integer; determining the position of the individual aerial antenna approximately by differential GPS within a small number of wavelengths λ_(i) thereby establishing that n_(i) can be one of a limited number of possible integer values for each signal, wherein the number of ground based transmitters and their positions being sufficient to allow elimination of the possible values of n_(i) that are inconsistent with the limited number of possible values for n_(i) from the other ground based transmitters, until only one integer value for each n_(i) is established; and establishing the location of the individual aerial antenna by triangulation of its known distance λ_(i)(n_(i)+y_(i)), from at least three ground based transmitters.
 25. The process according to claim 1, wherein the determining the positions of the aerial antennas comprises determining the positions of the aerial antennas to less than 20 cm. 